Price

How much an item costs is as much a part of its brand and positioning as its design and advertising. Price is perhaps the least glamorous element of branding, but it is one of the most crucial because it’s the price that really indicates what strength a brand...

PR

If advertising is the visible face of a brand, then the craft known around the world as “PR” is the invisible one. Since the early days of PR, when Edward Bernays succeeded in breaking the age-old taboo against women smoking in public by turning New...

Places

Every place is a brand—nations, regions, cities, districts, streets, even individual shopping malls and individual buildings. Whether as an origin or a destination, a place to buy things from, or a place to travel to or invest in, most people want their...

Packaging

As we have seen, package design can often provide the whole reason for a brand to exist. In spite of this, the package is just one of several tools in the brand-building tool kit. Some products simply can’t be sold unpackaged, so they are put in bags, boxes,...

Organizations, Part 2

In most cases a brand needs to reflect the long-term mandate of the civil services, and of social structures such as welfare or development initiatives. Other entities, such as political parties, the armed forces, utilities, and transport systems, have used branding...